|
Industry
|
Traditional
technology
|
New technology
|
Benefits of new
technology
|
Impediments to wider world
adoption
|
|
Chlor-alkali (chemical)
|
Mercury and diaphragm cell process
|
Membrane cell process
|
Much more energy efficient and nouse of
mercury
|
Membrane cell standard in new plants.
Reluctance to install in existing plants due to
investment cost and poor health of chlorine
industry
|
|
Iron and steel
|
Coke ovens and blast furnaces
|
Direct reduction
|
Lower cost, more flexible, fewer
byproducts
|
Growth in new steel mills mainly in
developing countries. Most environmental
technologies in the OECD countries are of the
add-on variety
|
|
CFC use in the electronics
industry
|
Use of CFC 13 as a solvent for cleaning
purposes
|
Semi-aqueous cleaning
|
Avoid use of CFCs system
|
No incentive to switch technologies unless
required to do so by government regulation
|
|
White pigment (chemical)
|
Lead-based and zinc-based pigments
|
White titanium dioxide pigment
|
Non-toxic and production is
cleaner
|
Shortage of technical staff and tariff
barriers
|
|
Leather tanning
|
Chromium technology
|
Low- or no-chromium technologies
|
Avoid toxic chromium waste
disposal
|
Conservatism of tanners (cost of two
processes approximately the same)
|
|
Metal finishing
|
Convert liquid waste including heavy metals
to sludge and dump in landfill
|
Ion exchange
|
Heavy metals are extracted for reuse and
recycling
|
Insufficient incentive unless required by
government regulation
|
|
Pulp and paper
|
Use of chlorine in pulp bleaching
|
Oxygen delignification
|
Reduce use of chlorine by half
|
Standard in new plants.Significant cost to
install in existing plants.
|
