Information Models

Examples	Who Participates	General Intention
Study Circles (Sweden)	Large voluntary associations and their members, scientists, public at large	Broad debate over a problem area to raise public awareness
Environmental Impact Statements (US)	Environmental groups; public at large	Improve access to documents on proposed projects
Council for Science and Society (England) Reflection groups (Holland)	Scientists, enlightened power elites	To enlighten decisionmaking and to generate discussion and publicise information about policy

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Advisory Models

Examples	Who Participates	General Intention
Science Court (US)	Scientists and public officials	Adversary proceedures to establish consensus on 'scientific truth'
Advisory Commissions of Science and Technology Ministry (Germany)	Scientists; representatives of major institutions	A comprehensive discussion of a project or problem area
Royal Commissions (UK)	Experts and public officials	Comprehensive discussion to achieve agreement on a controversial issue

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Public Consultation Models

Examples	Who Participates	General Intention
Public Inquiries (England, Australia) Hearings (US)	Scientists; interested public, local public authorities	Comprehensive discussion of project or problem area to raise public awareness and to help officials decide issue
Complaint Investigations (France)	Civil servants; interested public; scientists	To formulate objections based on individual or collective rights and to amend decisions
Environmental Mediation (US, Australia)	Environmental groups; project developers; third party mediator	To allow face-to-face confrontation over specific projects and settle disputes
Citizen Advisory Groups (US, Australia)	Community groups, local residents	To allow local community to influence a specific decision affecting local interests
Referenda (US, Austria, Switzerland, Holland)	Voting public	To arbitrate a controversial decision by direct vote

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